Estimated new cases and deaths from gastric cancer in the United States in 2024:[1]
Management of adenocarcinoma histology, which accounts for 90% to 95% of all gastric malignancies, is discussed in this summary. Changing epidemiological patterns in the United States regarding the anatomical location of esophagogastric cancers show a trend of decreased occurrence of distal or noncardia gastric cancers.[2] However, in people aged 25 to 39 years, there has been an increase in the incidence of noncardia gastric cancers from 0.27 cases per 100,000 individuals (1977–1981) to 0.45 cases per 100,000 individuals (2002–2006).[2] Additional studies are needed to confirm the observed increases in noncardia gastric cancers in this specific age group.
In contrast to the overall stable trend for noncardia gastric cancers, earlier studies demonstrated an increased incidence of adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia of 4% to 10% per year from the mid-1970s to the late 1980s.[3] Similarly, the incidence of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas increased sharply, from 1.22 cases per 100,000 individuals (1973–1978) to 2.00 cases per 100,000 individuals (1985–1990).[4] Since that time, the incidence has remained steady at 1.94 cases per 100,000 individuals (2003–2008).[4] More recent data demonstrate that the incidence of gastric cardia cancers has been relatively stable, although an increase has been observed, from 2.4 cases per 100,000 individuals (1977–1981) to 2.9 cases per 100,000 individuals (2001–2006) in the White population.[2] The reasons for these temporal changes in incidence are unclear.
In the United States, gastric cancer ranks 14th in incidence among the major types of cancer. While the precise etiology is unknown, acknowledged risk factors for gastric cancer include the following:[5-7]
The prognosis of patients with gastric cancer is related to tumor extent and includes both nodal involvement and direct tumor extension beyond the gastric wall.[8,9] Tumor grade may also provide some prognostic information.[10]
In localized distal gastric cancer, more than 50% of patients can be cured. However, early-stage disease accounts for only 10% to 20% of all cases diagnosed in the United States. The remaining patients present with metastatic disease in either regional or distant sites. The 5-year overall survival rate in these patients ranges from almost no survival for patients with disseminated disease to almost 50% survival for patients with localized distal gastric cancers confined to resectable regional disease. Even with apparent localized disease, the 5-year survival rate of patients with proximal gastric cancer is only 10% to 15%. Although the treatment of patients with disseminated gastric cancer may result in palliation of symptoms and some prolongation of survival, long remissions are uncommon.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors occur most commonly in the stomach. For more information, see Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment.
The two major types of gastric adenocarcinoma are the following:
Intestinal adenocarcinomas are well differentiated, and the cells tend to arrange themselves in tubular or glandular structures. The terms tubular, papillary, and mucinous are assigned to the various types of intestinal adenocarcinomas. Rarely, adenosquamous cancers can occur.
Diffuse adenocarcinomas are undifferentiated or poorly differentiated, and they lack a gland formation. Clinically, diffuse adenocarcinomas can give rise to infiltration of the gastric wall (i.e., linitis plastica).
Some tumors can have mixed features of intestinal and diffuse types.
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) classification to define gastric cancer.[1]
Pathological (pTNM)
Stage | TNM | Description |
---|---|---|
T = primary tumor; N = regional lymph node; M = distant metastasis; p = pathological. | ||
aReprinted with permission from AJCC: Stomach. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 203–20. | ||
0 | Tis, N0, M0 | Tis = Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial tumor without invasion of the lamina propria, high-grade dysplasia. |
N0 = No regional lymph node metastasis. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. |
Stage | TNM | Description |
---|---|---|
T = primary tumor; N = regional lymph node; M = distant metastasis; p = pathological. | ||
aReprinted with permission from AJCC: Stomach. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 203–20. | ||
bA tumor may penetrate the muscularis propria with extension into the gastrocolic or gastrohepatic ligaments, or into the greater or lesser omentum, without perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering these structures. In this case, the tumor is classified T3. If there is perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering the gastric ligaments or the omentum, the tumor should be classified T4. | ||
IA | T1, N0, M0 | T1 = Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. |
–T1a = Tumor invades lamina propria or muscularis mucosae. | ||
–T1b = Tumor invades submucosa. | ||
N0 = No regional lymph node metastasis. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
IB | T1, N1, M0 | T1 = Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. |
–T1a = Tumor invades lamina propria or muscularis mucosae. | ||
–T1b = Tumor invades submucosa. | ||
N1 = Metastases in 1 or 2 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T2, N0, M0 | T2 = Tumor invades muscularis propria.b | |
N0 = No regional lymph node metastasis. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. |
Stage | TNM | Description |
---|---|---|
T = primary tumor; N = regional lymph node; M = distant metastasis; p = pathological. | ||
aReprinted with permission from AJCC: Stomach. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 203–20. | ||
bA tumor may penetrate the muscularis propria with extension into the gastrocolic or gastrohepatic ligaments, or into the greater or lesser omentum, without perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering these structures. In this case, the tumor is classified T3. If there is perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering the gastric ligaments or the omentum, the tumor should be classified T4. | ||
cThe adjacent structures of the stomach include the spleen, transverse colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, abdominal wall, adrenal gland, kidney, small intestine, and retroperitoneum. | ||
dIntramural extension to the duodenum or esophagus is not considered invasion of an adjacent structure, but is classified using the depth of the greatest invasion in any of these sites. | ||
IIA | T1, N2, M0 | T1 = Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. |
–T1a = Tumor invades lamina propria or muscularis mucosae. | ||
–T1b = Tumor invades submucosa. | ||
N2 = Metastases in 3 to 6 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T2, N1, M0 | T2 = Tumor invades muscularis propria.b | |
N1 = Metastases in 1 or 2 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T3, N0, M0 | T3 = Tumor penetrates the subserosal connective tissue without invasion of the visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.c,d | |
N0 = No regional lymph node metastasis. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
IIB | T1, N3a, M0 | T1 = Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. |
–T1a = Tumor invades lamina propria or muscularis mucosae. | ||
–T1b = Tumor invades submucosa. | ||
N3a = Metastasis in 7 to 15 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T2, N2, M0 | T2 = Tumor invades muscularis propria.b | |
N2 = Metastases in 3 to 6 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T3, N1, M0 | T3 = Tumor penetrates the subserosal connective tissue without invasion of the visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.c,d | |
N1 = Metastasis in 1or 2 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4a, N0, M0 | T4a = Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum). | |
N0 = No regional lymph node metastasis. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. |
Stage | TNM | Description |
---|---|---|
T = primary tumor; N = regional lymph node; M = distant metastasis; p = pathological. | ||
aReprinted with permission from AJCC: Stomach. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 203–20. | ||
bA tumor may penetrate the muscularis propria with extension into the gastrocolic or gastrohepatic ligaments, or into the greater or lesser omentum, without perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering these structures. In this case, the tumor is classified T3. If there is perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering the gastric ligaments or the omentum, the tumor should be classified T4. | ||
cThe adjacent structures of the stomach include the spleen, transverse colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, abdominal wall, adrenal gland, kidney, small intestine, and retroperitoneum. | ||
dIntramural extension to the duodenum or esophagus is not considered invasion of an adjacent structure, but is classified using the depth of the greatest invasion in any of these sites. | ||
IIIA | T2, N3a, M0 | T2 = Tumor invades muscularis propria.b |
N3a = Metastasis in 7 to 15 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T3, N2, M0 | T3 = Tumor penetrates the subserosal connective tissue without invasion of the visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.c,d | |
N2 = Metastasis in 3 to 6 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4a, N1, M0 | T4a = Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum). | |
N1 = Metastasis in 1or 2 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4a, N2, M0 | T4a = Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum). | |
N2 = Metastasis in 3 to 6 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4b, N0, M0 | T4b = Tumor invades adjacent structures/organs.c,d | |
N0 = No regional lymph node metastasis. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
IIIB | T1, N3b, M0 | T1 = Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. |
N3b = Metastases in 16 or more regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T2, N3b, M0 | T2 = Tumor invades muscularis propria.b | |
N3b = Metastases in 16 or more regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T3, N3a, M0 | T3 = Tumor penetrates the subserosal connective tissue without invasion of the visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.c,d | |
N3a = Metastasis in 7 to 15 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4a, N3a, M0 | T4a = Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum). | |
N3a = Metastasis in 7 to 15 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4b, N1, M0 | T4b = Tumor invades adjacent structures/organs.c,d | |
N1 = Metastasis in 1or 2 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4b, N2, M0 | T4b = Tumor invades adjacent structures/organs.c,d | |
N2 = Metastasis in 3 to 6 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
IIIC | T3, N3b, M0 | T3 = Tumor penetrates the subserosal connective tissue without invasion of the visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.cd |
N3b = Metastasis in 16 or more regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4a, N3b, M0 | T4a = Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum). | |
N3b = Metastasis in 16 or more regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4b, N3a, M0 | T4b = Tumor invades adjacent structures/organs.c,d | |
N3a = Metastasis in 7 to 15 regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. | ||
T4b, N3b, M0 | T4b = Tumor invades adjacent structures/organs.c,d | |
N3b = Metastasis in 16 or more regional lymph nodes. | ||
M0 = No distant metastasis. |
Stage | TNM | Description |
---|---|---|
T = primary tumor; N = regional lymph node; M = distant metastasis; p = pathological. | ||
aReprinted with permission from AJCC: Stomach. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 203–20. | ||
bA tumor may penetrate the muscularis propria with extension into the gastrocolic or gastrohepatic ligaments, or into the greater or lesser omentum, without perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering these structures. In this case, the tumor is classified T3. If there is perforation of the visceral peritoneum covering the gastric ligaments or the omentum, the tumor should be classified T4. | ||
cThe adjacent structures of the stomach include the spleen, transverse colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, abdominal wall, adrenal gland, kidney, small intestine, and retroperitoneum. | ||
dIntramural extension to the duodenum or esophagus is not considered invasion of an adjacent structure, but is classified using the depth of the greatest invasion in any of these sites. | ||
IV | Any T, Any N, M1 | TX = Primary tumor cannot be assessed. |
T0 = No evidence of primary tumor. | ||
Tis = Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial tumor without invasion of the lamina propria, high-grade dysplasia. | ||
T1 = Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. | ||
–T1a = Tumor invades lamina propria or muscularis mucosae. | ||
–T1b = Tumor invades submucosa. | ||
T2 = Tumor invades muscularis propria.b | ||
T3 = Tumor penetrates the subserosal connective tissue without invasion of the visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.c,d | ||
T4 = Tumor invades the serosa (visceral peritoneum) or adjacent structures.c,d | ||
–T4a = Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum). | ||
–T4b = Tumor invades adjacent structures/organs. | ||
NX = Regional lymph node(s) cannot be assessed. | ||
N0 = No regional lymph node metastasis. | ||
N1 = Metastases in 1 or 2 regional lymph nodes. | ||
N2 = Metastases in 3 to 6 regional lymph nodes. | ||
N3 = Metastases in ≥7 regional lymph nodes. | ||
–N3a = Metastases in 7 to 15 regional lymph nodes. | ||
–N3b = Metastases in 16 or more regional lymph nodes. | ||
M1 = Distant metastasis. |
Radical surgery represents the standard form of therapy that has curative intent. However, the incidences of local failure in the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes, and distant failures via hematogenous or peritoneal routes, remain high.[1] As such, comprehensive staging and evaluation with a multidisciplinary team to determine roles of neoadjuvant, perioperative, and adjuvant combination chemotherapy, surgery, and external-beam radiation therapies should be considered.
Investigators in Europe evaluated the role of perioperative chemotherapy without radiation therapy.[2] Initially, in a randomized phase III trial (MRC-ST02 [NCT00002615]), patients with stage II or higher adenocarcinoma of the stomach or of the lower third of the esophagus were assigned to receive three cycles of epirubicin, cisplatin, and continuous infusion fluorouracil (5-FU) (ECF) before and after surgery or to receive surgery alone. Compared with the surgery group, the perioperative chemotherapy group had a significantly higher overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR]death, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60–0.93; P = .009).[2][Level of evidence A1]
In addition, in the randomized phase III AIO-FLOT4 trial (NCT01216644), patients with resectable disease that was stage T2 or higher and/or node positive received either perioperative epirubicin, cisplatin, and 5-FU or capecitabine (ECF/ECX) (three cycles before and after surgery) or perioperative docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and 5-FU/leucovorin (FLOT) (four 2-week cycles before and after surgery). OS was significantly increased from 35 months with ECF/ECX to 50 months with FLOT (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63–0.94; P = .012).[3]
In a phase III Intergroup trial (SWOG-9008 [NCT01197118]), 559 patients with completely resected stage IB to stage IV (M0) adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction were randomly assigned to receive either surgery alone or surgery plus postoperative chemotherapy (5-FU and leucovorin) and concurrent radiation therapy (45 Gy). With a median follow-up of more than 10 years, a significant survival benefit was reported for patients who received adjuvant combined modality therapy.[4][Level of evidence A1] Median OS was 35 months for the adjuvant chemoradiation therapy group and 27 months for the surgery-alone arm (P = .0046). Median relapse-free survival was 27 months in the chemoradiation arm compared with 19 months in the surgery-alone arm (P < .001).
Gastroesophageal junction cancers may be treated like esophageal cancers and are best managed under the care of a multidisciplinary team. For more information, see Esophageal Cancer Treatment.
The DPYD gene encodes an enzyme that catabolizes pyrimidines and fluoropyrimidines, like capecitabine and fluorouracil. An estimated 1% to 2% of the population has germline pathogenic variants in DPYD, which lead to reduced DPD protein function and an accumulation of pyrimidines and fluoropyrimidines in the body.[5,6] Patients with the DPYD*2A variant who receive fluoropyrimidines may experience severe, life-threatening toxicities that are sometimes fatal. Many other DPYD variants have been identified, with a range of clinical effects.[5-7] Fluoropyrimidine avoidance or a dose reduction of 50% may be recommended based on the patient's DPYD genotype and number of functioning DPYD alleles.[8-10] DPYD genetic testing costs less than $200, but insurance coverage varies due to a lack of national guidelines.[11] In addition, testing may delay therapy by 2 weeks, which would not be advisable in urgent situations. This controversial issue requires further evaluation.[12]
Treatment options for stage 0 gastric cancer include the following:
Stage 0 is gastric cancer confined to mucosa. Experience in Japan, where stage 0 is diagnosed frequently, indicates that more than 90% of patients treated by gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy will survive beyond 5 years. An American series confirmed these results.[1]
EMR has been studied in Japan and throughout Asia in patients with early-stage tumors with good-risk features (Tis or T1a, diameter ≤2 cm, predominantly differentiated type, without ulcerative findings) that have a lower risk of nodal metastasis. Intramucosal tumors have a lower risk of nodal metastasis than submucosal tumors.[2] Careful patient selection by the above criteria, treatment with an experienced endoscopist, and close surveillance should be considered.
Evidence (EMR):
Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available.
Treatment options for stage I gastric cancer include the following:
Regional lymphadenectomy is recommended with all of the above procedures. Splenectomy is not routinely performed.[1]
Surgical resection including regional lymphadenectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with stage I gastric cancer.[1] If the lesion is not in the cardioesophageal junction and does not diffusely involve the stomach, subtotal gastrectomy is the procedure of choice, because it has been demonstrated to provide equivalent survival when compared with total gastrectomy and is associated with decreased morbidity.[5][Level of evidence A1] When the lesion involves the cardia, proximal subtotal gastrectomy or total gastrectomy (including a sufficient length of esophagus) may be performed with curative intent. If the lesion diffusely involves the stomach, total gastrectomy is required. At a minimum, surgical resection includes greater and lesser curvature perigastric regional lymph nodes. In patients with stage I gastric cancer, perigastric lymph nodes may contain cancer.
EMR has been studied in Japan and throughout Asia in patients with early-stage tumors with good-risk features (Tis or T1a, diameter ≤2 cm, predominantly differentiated type, without ulcerative findings) that have a lower risk of nodal metastasis. Intramucosal tumors have a lower risk of nodal metastasis than submucosal tumors.[6] Careful patient selection by the above criteria, treatment with an experienced endoscopist, and close surveillance should be considered.
Evidence (EMR):
In patients with node-positive (T1 N1) and muscle-invasive (T2 N0) disease, postoperative chemoradiation therapy may be considered.
Evidence (postoperative chemoradiation therapy):
Because the prognosis is relatively favorable for patients with completely resected stage IB disease, the effectiveness of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy for this group is less clear.
Investigators in Europe evaluated the role of perioperative chemotherapy without radiation therapy.[9]
Evidence (perioperative chemotherapy):
Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available.
Treatment options for stage II gastric cancer and stage III gastric cancer include the following:
Regional lymphadenectomy is recommended with all of the above procedures. Splenectomy is not routinely performed.[1]
No randomized trials of adjuvant chemoradiation versus perioperative chemotherapy have been undertaken.
All newly diagnosed patients with stages II and III gastric cancer should consider clinical trials.
Because of the high risk of locoregional and distant recurrence, perioperative and postoperative therapy should be considered in addition to surgery.
Surgical resection with regional lymphadenectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with stages II and III gastric cancer; all eligible patients undergo surgery.[1] If the lesion is not in the cardioesophageal junction and does not diffusely involve the stomach, subtotal gastrectomy is the procedure of choice. When the lesion involves the cardia, proximal subtotal gastrectomy or total gastrectomy may be performed with curative intent. If the lesion diffusely involves the stomach, total gastrectomy and appropriate lymph node resection may be required. The role of extended lymph node (D2) dissection is uncertain [5] and in some series is associated with increased morbidity.[6,7] As many as 15% of selected stage III patients can be cured by surgery alone, particularly if lymph node involvement is minimal (<7 lymph nodes).
Investigators in Europe evaluated the role of perioperative chemotherapy without radiation therapy.[2]
Evidence (perioperative chemotherapy):
Postoperative chemoradiation therapy may be considered for patients with stages II and III gastric cancer who have not received neoadjuvant therapy.
Evidence (postoperative [adjuvant] chemoradiation therapy):
Investigators in Europe evaluated the role of postoperative chemotherapy without radiation therapy.[2]
Evidence (postoperative [adjuvant] chemotherapy):
Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available.
Treatment options for stage IV, inoperable, and recurrent gastric cancer, including patients with medically or surgically unresectable disease, include a combination of cytotoxic therapies, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and palliative locoregional therapies.
Patients with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma should consider undergoing testing for HER2 amplification, defective mismatch repair (dMMR) (immunohistochemistry [IHC] staining), or microsatellite instability (MSI) (polymerase chain reaction), along with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) combined positive score (CPS score in the United States).
Treatment with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and hepatocyte growth factor inhibitors have not shown efficacy at this time, but combination studies are under way.
Standard chemotherapy versus best supportive care for patients with metastatic gastric cancer has been tested in several clinical trials, and there is general agreement that patients who receive chemotherapy live for several months longer on average than patients who receive supportive care.[12-14][Level of evidence A1] During the last 20 years, multiple randomized studies evaluating different treatment regimens (monotherapy vs. combination [doublet and triplet] chemotherapy) have been performed in patients with metastatic gastric cancer with no clear consensus as to the best management approach. A meta-analysis of these studies demonstrated a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.83 for overall survival (OS) (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74–0.93) in favor of combination chemotherapy.[15] The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy has shown further OS benefit.
Evidence (palliative chemotherapy):
Phase II studies that evaluated irinotecan-based or oxaliplatin-based regimens demonstrated similar response rates and TTP to those reported in trials using ECF or CF, but the former may be less toxic.[19-24] There are conflicting data regarding relative efficacy of any one regimen.
Nivolumab may be considered in combination with chemotherapy for patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer regardless of PD-L1 CPS status.[25]
Evidence (nivolumab with chemotherapy):
Trastuzumab may be combined with pembrolizumab and chemotherapy (5-FU and cisplatin or oxaliplatin with capecitabine) as treatment for patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. For patients who do not tolerate pembrolizumab, trastuzumab may be combined with cisplatin and 5-FU or capecitabine. HER2 testing is recommended for patients with metastatic disease.[26]
Evidence (trastuzumab and pembrolizumab with chemotherapy):
Evidence (trastuzumab):
The combination of pembrolizumab and chemotherapy has not shown superiority over chemotherapy alone.
Evidence (pembrolizumab with chemotherapy):
There is no standard treatment option for patients who develop disease progression after first-line palliative chemotherapy. Accepted regimens include paclitaxel with or without ramucirumab, docetaxel, and irinotecan with or without 5-FU/leucovorin. Pembrolizumab is approved for the treatment of patients with dMMR or MSI-H tumors, and trastuzumab deruxtecan is approved for patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer.
Evidence (palliative chemotherapy):
Ramucirumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2.
Evidence (ramucirumab):
Ramucirumab is an acceptable treatment in patients with cisplatin- or 5-FU‒refractory, stage IV, gastric cancer.
The combination of paclitaxel and ramucirumab is an acceptable second-line chemotherapy regimen in patients with stage IV gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.
Evidence (pembrolizumab for patients with dMMR or MSI-H tumors):
Trastuzumab deruxtecan is an antibody-drug conjugate combining an anti-HER2 antibody with a topoisomerase I inhibitor via a cleavable tetrapeptide-based linker. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved trastuzumab deruxtecan for patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer that is HER2-positive who have previously received a trastuzumab-based regimen.
Evidence (trastuzumab deruxtecan for patients with HER2-positive tumors):
Trifluridine and tipiracil is an oral cytotoxic therapy approved by the FDA for third-line treatment of patients with metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.
Evidence (trifluridine and tipiracil):
While pembrolizumab was previously evaluated as third-line treatment for patients with gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers and a PD-L1 CPS of one or greater, this approval was withdrawn after updates to first-line therapy using combination chemotherapy and programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors.
Nivolumab has been approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare for treatment of advanced gastric cancer, regardless of PD-L1 CPS status.
Evidence (nivolumab):
Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
General Information About Gastric Cancer
Updated statistics with estimated new cases and deaths for 2024 (cited American Cancer Society as reference 1).
Added Capecitabine and Fluorouracil Dosing as a new subsection.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ® Cancer Information for Health Professionals pages.
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of gastric cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewers for Gastric Cancer Treatment are:
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The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Gastric Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/hp/stomach-treatment-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389209]
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