Table 5. Site-Specific Prognostic Factorsa
| Serum Tumor Markers (S) Required for Staging |
| SX | Marker studies not available or not performed. |
| S0 | Marker study levels within normal limits. |
| S1 | LDH <1.5 × Nband hCG (mIu/ml) <5,000 and AFP (ng/ml) <1,000. |
| S2 | LDH 1.5–10 × N or hCG (mIu/ml) 5,000–50,000 or AFP (ng/ml) 1,000–10,000. |
| S3 | LDH >10 × N or hCG (mIu/ml) >50,000 or AFP (ng/ml) >10,000. |
| aReprinted with permission from AJCC: Testis. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2010, pp 469-78. |
| bAFP = alpha-fetoprotein; hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin; LDH = lactase dehydrogenase; N indicates the upper limit of normal for the LDH assay. |
