Table 4. Oral Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
| Transplant Phase | Oral Complication |
| GVHD = graft-versus-host disease. | |
| Phase I: Preconditioning | Oral infections: dental caries, endodontic infections, periodontal disease (gingivitis, periodontitis), mucosal infections (i.e., viral, fungal, bacterial). |
| Gingival leukemic infiltrates. | |
| Metastatic cancer. | |
| Oral bleeding. | |
| Oral ulceration: aphthous ulcers, erythema multiforme. | |
| Temporomandibular dysfunction. | |
| Phase II: Conditioning Neutropenic Phase | Oropharyngeal mucositis. |
| Oral infections: mucosal infections (i.e., viral, fungal, bacterial), periodontal infections. | |
| Hemorrhage. | |
| Xerostomia. | |
| Taste dysfunction. | |
| Neurotoxicity: dental pain, muscle tremor (e.g., jaws, tongue). | |
| Temporomandibular dysfunction: jaw pain, headache, joint pain. | |
| Phase III: Engraftment Hematopoietic Recovery | Oral infections: mucosal infections (i.e., viral, fungal, bacterial). |
| Acute GVHD. | |
| Xerostomia. | |
| Hemorrhage. | |
| Neurotoxicity: dental pain, muscle tremor (e.g., jaws, tongue). | |
| Temporomandibular dysfunction: jaw pain, headache, joint pain. | |
| Granulomas/papillomas. | |
| Phase IV: Immune Reconstitution Late Posttransplant | Oral infections: mucosal infections (i.e., viral, fungal, bacterial). |
| Chronic GVHD. | |
| Dental/skeletal growth and development alterations (pediatric patients). | |
| Xerostomia. | |
| Relapse-related oral lesions. | |
| Second malignancies. | |
| Phase V: Long-term Survival | Relapse or second malignancies. |
| Dental/skeletal growth and development alterations. | |
